Cet article passe en revue les études concernant le rôle de la vitamine D dans la prévention des cancers et l'amélioration du pronostic

The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression

Feldman, David ; Krishnan, Aruna V. ; Swami, Srilatha ; Giovannucci, Edward ; Feldman, Brian J.

Vitamin D is not really a vitamin but the precursor to the potent steroid hormone calcitriol, which has widespread actions throughout the body. Calcitriol regulates numerous cellular pathways that could have a role in determining cancer risk and prognosis. Although epidemiological and early clinical trials are inconsistent, and randomized control trials in humans do not yet exist to conclusively support a beneficial role for vitamin D, accumulating results from preclinical and some clinical [...]

A partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature publiée jusqu'en août 2013 (73 études de cohorte et 22 essais ; 880 128 participants au total), cette méta-analyse évalue l'association entre la vitamine D en supplémentation ou le niveau sérique de son métabolite, la 25-hydroxyvitamine-D, et le risque de décès par cancer ou autres causes

Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies

Rajiv Chowdhury ; Setor Kunutsor ; Anna Vitezova ; Clare Oliver-Williams ; Susmita Chowdhury ; Jessica C Kiefte-de-Jong ; Hassan Khan ; Cristina P Baena ; Dorairaj Prabhakaran ; Moshe B Hoshen ; Becca S Feldman ; An Pan ; Laura Johnson ; Francesca Crowe ; Frank B Hu ; Oscar H Franco

Objective : To evaluate the extent to which circulating biomarker and supplements of vitamin D are associated with mortality from cardiovascular, cancer, or other conditions, under various circumstances. Design : Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled trials. Data sources : Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies to August 2013; correspondance with investigators. Study selection : Observational cohort studies and [...]

A partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature publiée jusqu'en septembre 2012 (17 études cas-témoins ; 3 études de cohorte ; 8 799 cas au total et 17 072 témoins), cette méta-analyse évalue l'asssociation entre la consommation de poisson et le risque de cancer du poumon

Fish Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Song, Jian ; Su, Hong ; Wang, Bao-long ; Zhou, Yang-yang ; Guo, Liang-Liang

There is evidence pointing to a possible role of diet on cancer etiology. Prior studies evaluating the relationship between fish consumption and lung cancer risk reported inconclusive results. The aim of this study was to achieve a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between fish consumption and lung cancer risk through systematic review and meta-analysis. Case control and cohort studies up to September 1, 2012 about fish consumption and lung cancer risk were confirmed by an online [...]

Menée auprès d'une cohorte suédoise, d'une cohorte norvégienne et d'une cohorte danoise incluant au total 120 016 hommes et femmes, cette étude évalue l'association entre le niveau plasmatique de résorcinols alkylés, des biomarqueurs liés à la consommation de céréales complètes, et le risque de cancer colorectal

Self-Reported Whole-Grain Intake and Plasma Alkylresorcinol Concentrations in Combination in Relation to the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer

Knudsen, Markus Dines ; Kyrø, Cecilie ; Olsen, Anja ; Dragsted, Lars O. ; Skeie, Guri ; Lund, Eiliv ; Åman, Per ; Nilsson, Lena M. ; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B. ; Tjønneland, Anne ; Landberg, Rikard

Self-reported food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have occasionally been used to investigate the association between whole-grain intake and the incidence of colorectal cancer, but the results from those studies have been inconsistent. We investigated this association using intakes of whole grains and whole-grain products measured via FFQs and plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations, a biomarker of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, both separately and in combination (Howe's score with ranks). We [...]

Menée à partir de questionnaires auprès de 613 patients adultes atteints d'un cancer colorectal et auprès de 613 témoins, cette étude chinoise évalue l'association entre la proportion ou le type de fibres alimentaires consommées et le risque de cancer colorectal

Dietary Fiber and Fiber Fraction Intakes and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Chinese Adults

Zhong, Xiao ; Fang, Yu-Jing ; Pan, Zhi-Zhong ; Lu, Min-Shan ; Zheng, Mei-Chun ; Chen, Yu-ming ; Zhang, Cai-xia

Few studies have been conducted in Chinese adults to investigate the effect of fiber intake on colorectal cancer risk. The present study aimed to examine the associations of dietary fiber and fiber fraction intakes with colorectal cancer risk in Chinese adults. A total of 613 cases with colorectal cancer were consecutively recruited between July 2010 and October 2012 and frequency matched to 613 controls by age (5-yr interval) and gender. Dietary information was collected through a validated [...]

Menée à partir de questionnaires auprès d'une cohorte de 491 840 participants (durée moyenne de suivi : 9 ans), cette étude évalue l'association entre la consommation de divers types de flavonoïdes d'origine alimentaire et le risque de cancer de la thyroïde

Dietary flavonoid intake and thyroid cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study

Xiao, Qian ; Park, Yikyung ; Hollenbeck, Albert R. ; Kitahara, Cari M.

Experimental studies suggested that flavonoids may influence thyroid carcinogenesis, but epidemiological evidence is sparse. No study has examined different classes of flavonoids in relation to thyroid cancer risk. Using data from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, which enrolled 491,840 U.S. men and women, ages 50 to 71 at baseline, we prospectively examined the risk of thyroid cancer in relation to dietary intakes of catechins, flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, [...]

Cet article passe en revue les études concernant l'utilisation et les mécanismes d'action de l'aspirine ou d'autres anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens dans la chimioprévention du mélanome

Aspirin and other NSAIDs as chemoprevention agents in melanoma

Goodman, James ; Grossman, Douglas

Melanoma incidence is increasing and, despite recent therapeutic advances, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains poor. Thus early detection and chemoprevention are promising strategies for improving patient outcomes. Aspirin (ASA) and other non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have demonstrated chemoprotective activity in several other cancers, and have been proposed as chemopreventive agents for melanoma. Throughout the last decade, however, a number of [...]

Menée sur des cellules cancéreuses humaines ou murines du pancréas et à l'aide de xénogreffes, cette étude montre que le 6-shogaol, un composé phénolique extrait du gingembre séché, peut inhiber la croissance tumorale via l'inhibition de la signalisation STAT3 et NF-κB

6-Shogaol from Dried Ginger Inhibits Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells Both In Vitro and In Vivo through Inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB Signaling

Saha, Achinto ; Blando, Jorge ; Silver, Eric ; Beltran, Linda ; Sessler, Jonathan L. ; DiGiovanni, John

Despite much recent progress, prostate cancer (PCa) continues to represent a major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. PCa is the most common non-skin neoplasm and second leading cause of death in men. 6-Shogaol (6-SHO), a potent bioactive compound in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. In the present study, the effect of 6-SHO on the growth of PCa cells was investigated. 6-SHO effectively reduced survival [...]

Mené sur 4 560 femmes ménopausées présentant un risque élevé de cancer du sein, cet essai international évalue, dans le cadre d'une chimioprévention, les effets de l'exémestane sur les symptômes associés à la ménopause et sur la qualité de vie des participantes

Quality of Life in MAP.3 (Mammary Prevention 3): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating Exemestane for Prevention of Breast Cancer

Maunsell, Elizabeth ; Goss, Paul E. ; Chlebowski, Rowan T. ; Ingle, James N. ; Alés-Martínez, José E. ; Sarto, Gloria E. ; Fabian, Carol J. ; Pujol, Pascal ; Ruiz, Amparao ; Cooke, Andrew L. ; Hendrix, Susan ; Thayer, Debra W. ; Rowland, Kendrith M. ; Dubé, Pierre ; Spadafora, Silvana ; Pruthi, Sandhya ; Lickley, Lavina ; Ellard, Susan L. ; Cheung, Angela M. ; Wactawski-Wende, Jean ; Gelmon, Karen A. ; Johnston, Dianne ; Hiltz, Andrea ; Brundage, Michael ; Pater, Joseph L. ; Tu, Dongsheng ; Richardson, Harriet

Purpose : Exemestane, a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, reduced invasive breast cancer incidence by 65% among 4,560 postmenopausal women randomly assigned to exemestane (25 mg per day) compared with placebo in the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Clinical Trials Group MAP.3 (Mammary Prevention 3) trial, but effects on quality of life (QOL) were not fully described. Patients and Methods : Menopause-specific and health-related QOL were assessed by using the four Menopause-Specific [...]

Menée au Royaume-Uni, cette étude analyse les arguments des fabricants de produits tabagiques pour s'opposer à une éventuelle loi imposant la vente des cigarettes en paquets neutres

Representation and Misrepresentation of Scientific Evidence in Contemporary Tobacco Regulation: A Review of Tobacco Industry Submissions to the UK Government Consultation on Standardised Packaging

Ulucanlar, Selda ; Fooks, Gary J. ; Hatchard, Jenny L. ; Gilmore, Anna B.

Background : Standardised packaging (SP) of tobacco products is an innovative tobacco control measure opposed by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) whose responses to the UK government's public consultation on SP argued that evidence was inadequate to support implementing the measure. The government's initial decision, announced 11 months after the consultation closed, was to wait for ‘more evidence’, but four months later a second ‘independent review’ was launched. In view of the [...]

Menée à partir de l'analyse de 68 lois antitabac promulguées dans 48 pays européens, cette étude transversale évalue, pour 6 secteurs d'activité et selon un protocole s'appuyant sur les recommendations de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, le niveau de protection contre le tabagisme passif dans 28 types de lieux en plein air

Assessment of the smoke-free outdoor regulation in the WHO European region

Martínez, Cristina ; Guydish, Joseph ; Robinson, Gillian ; Martínez-Sánchez, Jose María ; Fernández, Esteve

Objective : The aim of this study is to assess the level of protection of secondhand smoke in outdoor locations among countries belonging to WHO European Region. Method : Cross-sectional study, measuring the level of protection provided by laws in outdoor locations. A protocol to evaluate the outdoor smoke-free legislation was developed according to the recommendations provided by the WHO Guidelines for implementing smoke-free outdoor places. For each law 6 main sectors and 28 outdoor locations [...]

Cet article passe en revue les avancées technologiques récentes concernant la détection, via le séquençage de l'ensemble du génome, de mutations associées à des expositions à des agents mutagènes ou carcinogènes et analyse les perspectives offertes par ces avancées en matière de prévention des cancers

Mutation signatures of carcinogen exposure: genome-wide detection and new opportunities for cancer prevention

Poon, Song ; McPherson, John ; Tan, Patrick ; Teh, Bin ; Rozen, Steven

Exposure to environmental mutagens is an important cause of human cancer, and measures to reduce mutagenic and carcinogenic exposures have been highly successful at controlling cancer. Until recently, it has been possible to connect the chemical characteristics of mutagens to actual mutations observed in human tumors only indirectly. Now, next-generation sequencing technology enables us to observe in detail the DNA-sequence-level effects of well-known mutagens, such as ultraviolet radiation and [...]

Menée auprès de 3 874 femmes incluses dans trois études transversales néerlandaises et à partir d'auto-prélèvements vaginaux, cette étude évalue la prévalence de co-infections par plusieurs types de papillomavirus humains chez diverses populations à risque

Population- and Type-Specific Clustering of Multiple HPV Types Across Diverse Risk Populations in the Netherlands

Mollers, Madelief ; Vriend, Henrike J. ; van der Sande, Marianne A. B. ; van Bergen, Jan E. A. M. ; King, Audrey J. ; Lenselink, Charlotte H. ; Bekkers, Ruud L. M. ; Meijer, Chris J. L. M. ; de Melker, Hester E. ; Bogaards, Johannes A.

In view of possible type replacement upon introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, we aimed to explore patterns of type-specific clustering across populations with various background infection risks. A total of 3,874 women from 3 cross-sectional studies in the Netherlands (in 2007–2009) provided vaginal self-samples, which were tested for 25 HPV genotypes by a sensitive molecular assay (SPF10 line probe assay, DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Voorburg, the Netherlands). The number of [...]