Cet article passe en revue différentes stratégies connues de réduction du risque des cancers digestifs (aspirine, inhibiteurs sélectifs de COX-2, éradication de Helicobacter Pylori, vitamine D, modification de l'alimentation, etc.)

General Aspects of Primary Cancer Prevention

Krstic, M. N. ; Mijac, D. D. ; Popovic, D. D. ; Pavlovic Markovic, A. ; Milosavljević, T.

Background : Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide next to cardiovascular diseases. Despite the advancement in screening, early diagnosis, and development in treatment technology in last several decades, cancer incidence overall, particularly that of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, is far from being controlled, and is expected to increase worldwide. Summary : Although numerous preclinical and population-based clinical studies have already made important progress in restraining [...]

Menée par questionnaire auprès de 145 980 participants européens (16 pays, 64,8% de femmes, âge moyen : 43 ans), cette étude analyse l'association entre l'utilisation de cabines de bronzage et des facteurs de risque de mélanome (grains de beauté, lentigines, ...)

Association of sunbed use with skin cancer risk factors in Europe: an investigation within the Euromelanoma skin cancer prevention campaign

Suppa, M. ; Gandini, S. ; Njimi, H. ; Bulliard, J.L. ; Correia, O. ; Duarte, A.F. ; Peris, K. ; Stratigos, A.J. ; Nagore, E. ; Longo, M.I. ; Bylaite-Bucinskiene, M. ; Karls, R. ; Helppikangas, H. ; Euromelanoma Working Group, ; del Marmol, V.

Introduction : Sunbed use has been significantly associated with increased risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), but its relationship with melanoma's risk factors such as high nevus count, atypical nevi and lentigines is poorly studied. Euromelanoma is a skin cancer prevention campaign conducted all over Europe. It offers a once-a-year screening during which participants’ data, including sunbed use and phenotype, are collected via questionnaires. Objectives To investigate the [...]

Menée à l'aide de modèles murins puis in vitro, cette étude démontre que le traitement de Helicobacter pylori par l'eflornithine réduit la carcinogenèse gastrique en entraînant un stress oxydant de l'ADN responsable de mutations dans cagY, un gène impliqué dans l'activation des voies de signalisation oncogéniques

Alpha-Difluoromethylornithine reduces gastric carcinogenesis by causing mutations in Helicobacter pylori cagY

Sierra, Johanna C. ; Suarez, Giovanni ; Piazuelo, M. Blanca ; Luis, Paula B. ; Baker, Dara R. ; Romero-Gallo, Judith ; Barry, Daniel P. ; Schneider, Claus ; Morgan, Douglas R. ; Peek, Richard M. ; Gobert, Alain P. ; Wilson, Keith T.

Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the stomach of half of the human population, and 90% of gastric carcinoma cases are due to this infection. Antibiotic eradication has limited benefit in reducing cancer risk; new approaches are needed. We have implicated polyamines in gastric carcinogenesis. Until now, α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is only known as a drug that inhibits polyamine synthesis. Here, we show that [...]

A partir de 36 groupes de discussions impliquant au total 198 Américains à risque moyen ou élevé de cancer (âge moyen : 47 ans), cette étude identifie les facteurs associés à la volonté d'utiliser des agents chimiopréventifs

Acceptability of localized cancer risk reduction interventions among individuals at average or high risk for cancer

Samimi, Goli ; Heckman-Stoddard, Brandy M ; Kay, Shelley S ; Bloodgood, Bonny ; Coa, Kisha I ; Robinson, Jennifer L ; Tennant, Bethany ; Ford, Leslie G ; Szabo, Eva ; Minasian, Lori

Individuals at high risk for cancer, including those already diagnosed with pre-malignant lesions, can potentially benefit from chemopreventive interventions to reduce cancer risk. However, uptake and acceptability have been hindered due to the risk of systemic toxicity and other adverse effects. Locally-delivered chemopreventive agents, where direct action on the primary organ may limit systemic toxicity, are emerging as an option for high-risk individuals. While a number of clinical trials [...]

Menée en Corée auprès d'un échantillon de 12 969 400 personnes âgées de 40 à 84 ans, cette étude analyse l'association entre la durée d'utilisation d'une faible dose d'aspirine et le risque de cancer du poumon

Association of Long-term Use of Low-Dose Aspirin as Chemoprevention With Risk of Lung Cancer

Ye, Shinheeye ; Lee, Myeongjee ; Lee, Dongheon ; Ha, Eun-Hee ; Chun, Eun Mi

Importance : Low-dose aspirin use for chemoprevention of lung cancer risk remains controversial. Objectives : To investigate the association between low-dose aspirin use and lung cancer risk, and to identify specific subgroups that may derive the most benefit from low-dose aspirin use. Design, Setting, and Participants : This nationwide, retrospective, cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Information Database from 2002 to 2015. Data analyses were performed from October 2016 to [...]

Menée auprès de 1 506 femmes à haut-risque de cancer du sein (âge médian : 56 ans), cette étude analyse l'utilisation de la chimioprévention en fonction de facteurs de risque et de catégories d'âge

Chemoprevention Uptake for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Varies by Risk Factor

Flanagan, Meghan R. ; Zabor, Emily C. ; Stempel, Michelle ; Mangino, Debra A. ; Morrow, Monica ; Pilewskie, Melissa L.

Background/Objective : The efficacy of chemoprevention for breast cancer risk reduction has been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials; however, use remains low. We sought to determine whether uptake differed by risk factors, and to identify reasons for refusal and termination. Methods : Women seen in a high-risk clinic from October 2014 to June 2017 considered eligible for chemoprevention (history of lobular carcinoma in situ, atypia, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, genetic [...]

Menée à partir d'une revue de la littérature et par questionnaire auprès de 4 533 personnes atteintes d'un gliome et 4 171 témoins âgés de 18 à 80 ans, cette étude analyse l'association entre l'utilisation d'aspirine ou d'anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et le risque de gliome

Aspirin, NSAIDs, and Glioma Risk: Original Data from the Glioma International Case–Control Study and a Meta-analysis

Amirian, E. Susan ; Ostrom, Quinn T. ; Armstrong, Georgina N. ; Lai, Rose K. ; Gu, Xiangjun ; Jacobs, Daniel I. ; Jalali, Ali ; Claus, Elizabeth B. ; Barnholtz-Sloan, Jill S. ; Il'yasova, Dora ; Schildkraut, Joellen M. ; Ali-Osman, Francis ; Sadetzki, Siegal ; Jenkins, Robert B. ; Lachance, Daniel H. ; Olson, Sara H. ; Bernstein, Jonine L. ; Merrell, Ryan T. ; Wrensch, Margaret R. ; Johansen, Christoffer ; Houlston, Richard S. ; Scheurer, Michael E. ; Shete, Sanjay ; Amos, Christopher I. ; Melin, Beatrice ; Bondy, Melissa L.

Background : There have been few studies of sufficient size to address the relationship between glioma risk and the use of aspirin or NSAIDs, and results have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between glioma and aspirin/NSAID use, and to aggregate these findings with prior published studies using meta-analysis. Methods : The Glioma International Case-Control Study (GICC) consists of 4,533 glioma cases and 4,171 controls recruited from 2010 to 2013. [...]

Menée aux Etats-Unis à partir d'une enquête nationale et de données publiques portant sur la vaccination contre le papillomavirus humain (20 495 adolescents âgés de 13 à 17 ans), cette étude identifie les facteurs prédictifs associés au schéma complet de la vaccination anti-HPV

Going beyond the individual: how state-level characteristics relate to HPV vaccine rates in the United States

Franco, Melissa ; Mazzucca, Stephanie ; Padek, Margaret ; Brownson, Ross C.

Background : The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is an underutilized cancer control practice in the United States. Although individual contextual factors are known to impact HPV vaccine coverage rates, the impact of macro-level elements are still unclear. The aim of this analysis was to use HPV vaccination rates to explore the underuse of an evidence-based cancer control intervention and explore broader-level correlates influencing completion rates. Methods : A comprehensive database was [...]

Cet article met en évidence la nécessité de modifier les seuils d'accès à la salpingo-ovariectomie prophylactique chez les femmes à haut risque de cancer de l'ovaire

Setting the Threshold for Surgical Prevention in Women at Increased Risk of Ovarian Cancer

Manchanda, Ranjit ; Menon, Usha

The number of ovarian cancer cases is predicted to rise by 14% in Europe and 55% worldwide over the next 2 decades. The current absence of a screening program, rising drug/treatment costs, and only marginal improvements in survival seen over the past 30 years suggest the need for maximizing primary surgical prevention to reduce the burden of ovarian cancer. Primary surgical prevention through risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is well established as the most effective method for [...]

Cet article passe en revue des composés (le nicotinamide, les polyphénols du thé vert, les enzymes de réparation de l’ADN, les rétinoïdes, les anti-inflammatoires, etc.) qui, en complément des produits de protection solaire, peuvent jouer un rôle protecteur contre les rayonnements nocifs de la lumière visible et des rayonnements en proche infrarouge

Skin cancer prevention: a review of current topical options complementary to sunscreens

Rosenthal, Amanda ; Stoddard, Marie ; Chipps, Lisa ; Herrmann, Jennifer

The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is dramatically increasing worldwide, despite the increased use of improved sunscreens. In 2014, the Surgeon General estimated that 2.2 to 5.0 million people were treated annually for NMSC. As the number of newly diagnosed skin cancers continues to rise, there is a need for additional preventative measures beyond sunscreens. Several newer topical products that focus on boosting DNA repair, modulating DNA transcription, decreasing inflammation, [...]