Menée à partir de données portant sur 367 442 participants de la cohorte "NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study" (période de suivi : 1995-2009), cette étude évalue l'association entre la consommation de céréales complètes ou de fibres céréalières et la mortalité par cause spécifique (dont le cancer) ou la mortalité toutes causes confondues

Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals

Tao Huang; ; Min Xu; ; Albert Lee; ; Susan Cho; ; and Lu Qi;

Background : Intakes of whole grains and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with the risk of chronic diseases; however, their relation with total and disease-specific mortality remain unclear. We aimed to prospectively assess the association of whole grains and cereal fiber intake with all causes and cause-specific mortality. Methods : The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (enrolled in 1995 and followed through 2009). Participants [...]

A partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature publiée jusqu'en septembre 2014 (40 études), cette méta-analyse évalue l'association entre les niveaux plasmatiques de rétinol, de vitamines A, C ou E et le risque de cancer du sein

The plasma level of retinol, vitamins A, C and α-tocopherol could reduce breast cancer risk? A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Hu, Fulan ; Wu, Zhiwei ; Li, Guangxiao ; Teng, Chong ; Liu, Yupeng ; Wang, Fan ; Zhao, Yashuang ; Pang, Da

Purpose : Plasma antioxidants are supposed to be directly related to breast cancer risk. However, the results remain inconsistent. Herein, we carried this meta-analysis to comprehensively summarize the associations between plasma retinol, vitamins A, C and

Menée en Australie auprès de 216 cas et 523 témoins (enfants âgés de 3 à 14 ans), cette étude évalue l'association entre une consommation de folates et de vitamine B d'origine alimentaire ou en supplémentation et le risque de tumeurs cérébrales durant l'enfance

Childhood folate, B6, B12, and food group intake and the risk of childhood brain tumors: results from an Australian case–control study

Greenop, KathrynR ; Miller, Margaret ; Bailey, HelenD ; de Klerk, NicholasH ; Attia, John ; Kellie, StewartJ ; Bower, Carol ; Armstrong, BruceK ; Milne, Elizabeth

Purpose : The etiology of childhood brain tumors (CBT) is poorly understood, but dietary factors could be involved. In this case–control study of CBT, the possible associations of childhood intake of dietary and supplemental folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of CBT were investigated, along with various food groups. Methods : Cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2010 were identified from 10 pediatric oncology centers in Australia and controls by nationwide random-digit dialling. For [...]

Menée sur un modèle murin, cette étude évalue les effets de trois médicaments anti-diabétiques (la metformine, la buformine et la phenformine) sur la carcinogenèse mammaire induite chimiquement

Effects of Metformin, Buformin, and Phenformin on the Post Initiation Stage of Chemically-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in the Rat

Zhu, Zongjian ; Jiang, Weiqin ; Thompson, Matthew D. ; Echeverria, Dimas ; McGinley, John N. ; Thompson, Henry J.

Metformin is a widely prescribed drug for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Although epidemiological data have provided a strong rationale for investigating the potential of this biguanide for use in cancer prevention and control, uncertainty exists whether metformin should be expected to have an impact in non-diabetic patients. Furthermore, little attention has been given to the possibility that other biguanides may have anticancer activity. In this study, the effects of clinically relevant [...]

Menée sur des lignées cellulaires et à l'aide de modèles murins, cette étude montre que la 3,6-dihydroxyflavone inhibe la carcinogenèse mammaire en régulant l'expression des microARNs miR-34a et miR-21 via un mécanisme épigénétique

3,6-Dihydroxyflavone suppresses breast carcinogenesis by epigenetically regulating miR-34a and miR-21

Peng, Xiaoli ; Chang, Hui ; Gu, Yeyun ; Chen, Junli ; Yi, Long ; Xie, Qi ; Zhu, Jundong ; Zhang, Qianyong ; Mi, Mantian

Our previous study selected a promising chemopreventive agent 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (3,6-DHF), and found 3,6-DHF significantly up-regulates miR-34a and down-regulates miR-21 in breast carcinogenesis, yet the upstream and downstream events of the anticancer mechanism remain unclear. The present study showed that 3,6-DHF co-treatment effectively inhibits carcinogens-induced breast carcinogenic transformation in human breast epithelial MCF10A cells. The data revealed the significant down-regulation [...]

Menée à partir de données portant sur 1 151 patients atteints d'un carcinome épidermoïde de la tête et du cou, cette étude évalue l'effet de la metformine, un antidiabétique oral, sur la progression de la maladie, le risque de second cancer primitif et la survie spécifique des patients

Effect of Metformin on Progression of Head and Neck Cancers, Occurrence of Second Primary Cancers, and Cause-Specific Survival

Kwon, Minsu ; Roh, Jong-Lyel ; Song, JiHyun ; Lee, Sang-Wook ; Kim, Sung-Bae ; Choi, Seung-Ho ; Nam, Soon Yuhl

Background. This study aimed to investigate the effect of metformin on progression of head and neck cancers, occurrence of second primary cancers, and cause-specific survival. Methods. This study analyzed a retrospective cohort of 1,151 consecutive patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were treated at our hospital. Patients were divided into three groups: nondiabetic, nonmetformin, and metformin. Clinical characteristics, recurrence of index head and neck cancer, occurrence of [...]

Menée à partir d'échantillons anaux, génitaux et urinaires prélevés sur 522 hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes (âge : 18 à 40 ans), cette étude évalue la prévalence des différents génotypes de papillomavirus humain (HPV) couverts par les vaccins anti-HPV, identifie les facteurs de risque associés à une infection par ces virus, puis analyse les conséquences de ces résultats sur la stratégie de vaccination

Human papillomavirus DNA in men who have sex with men: type-specific prevalence, risk factors and implications for vaccination strategies

King, E. M. ; Gilson, R. ; Beddows, S. ; Soldan, K. ; Panwar, K. ; Young, C. ; Prah, P. ; Jit, M. ; Edmunds, W. J. ; Sonnenberg, P.

Background : Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of girls will have relatively little effect on HPV-related disease in men who have sex with men (MSM). We determined HPV prevalence and risk factors in MSM to inform the potential effectiveness of vaccinating MSM. Methods : Cross-sectional study of 522 MSM aged 18–40 attending a London sexual health clinic who completed a computer-assisted self-interview. Urine and two swabs (anal and penile/scrotal/perianal) were collected and tested using an [...]

Menée à partir de données néerlandaises sur la période 2010-2013, cette étude évalue l'effet de l'arrêt du remboursement des traitements d'aide au sevrage tabagique (varénicline, bupropion) sur leur utilisation et leur observance

Higher Adherence during Reimbursement of Pharmacological Smoking Cessation Treatments

van Boven, Job F.M. ; Vemer, Pepijn

Introduction : In The Netherlands, pharmacologic Smoking Cessation Treatments (pSCTs) were reimbursed in 2011. In 2012 the reimbursement was discontinued. As of 2013, pSCTs were again reimbursed, provided they are accompanied by behavioural counselling. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of changes in reimbursement policy on use of- and adherence to- pSCTs. Methods : A retrospective dispensing database analysis was performed on real-world observational data (2010-2013) from The [...]

Menée à partir d'entretiens auprès de 10 femmes porteuses de mutations associées au syndrome de Lynch, cette étude identifie les facteurs démographiques et psychosociaux associés à la décision de subir une intervention chirurgicale prophylactique pour réduire le risque de cancers gynécologiques

Decisions about prophylactic gynecologic surgery: a qualitative study of the experience of female Lynch Syndrome mutation carriers

Etchegary, Holly ; Dicks, Elizabeth ; Watkins, Kathy ; Alani, Sabrina ; Dawson, Lesa

Background : Women who carry a mutation for Lynch syndrome face complex decisions regarding strategies for managing their increased cancer risks. At present, there is limited understanding of the factors influencing women’s prophylactic surgery decisions. Methods : As part of an exploratory pilot project, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 women who were Lynch syndrome mutation carriers and had made prophylactic surgery decisions. Nine of 10 women had chosen to undergo [...]

Menée à l'aide de modèles murins, cette étude montre que l'inactivation du gène de la protéine découplante mitochondriale UCP2 supprime la carcinogenèse de la peau

UCP2 Knockout Suppresses Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis

Li, Wenjuan ; Zhang, Chunjing ; Jackson, Kasey ; Shen, Xinggui ; Jin, Rong ; Li, Guohong ; Kevil, Chris ; Gu, Xin ; Shi, Runhua ; Zhao, Yunfeng

Mitochondrial uncoupling (uncouples electron transport from ATP production) has recently been proposed as a novel survival mechanism for cancer cells, and reduction in free radical generation is the accepted mechanism of action. However, there is no direct evidence supporting that uncoupling proteins promote carcinogenesis. Herein, we examined whether mitochondrial uncoupling affects mouse skin carcinogenesis using uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) homozygous knockout and wild-type mice. The results [...]

Menée in vitro, à l'aide de modèles animaux et chez des sujets humains, cette étude montre que l'activation du facteur de transcription Nrf2 protège la peau des rayonnements ultraviolets

Nrf2 activation protects against solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation in mice and humans

Knatko, Elena V. ; Ibbotson, Sally H. ; Zhang, Ying ; Higgins, Maureen ; Fahey, Jed W. ; Talalay, Paul ; Dawa, Robert ; Ferguson, James ; Huang, Jeffrey T.-J. ; Clarke, Rosemary ; Zheng, Suqing ; Saito, Akira ; Kalra, Sukirti ; Benedict, Andrea L ; Honda, Tadashi ; Proby, Charlotte M ; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T.

The transcription factor Nrf2 determines the ability to adapt and survive under conditions of electrophilic, oxidative and inflammatory stress by regulating the expression of elaborate networks comprising nearly 500 genes encoding proteins with versatile cytoprotective functions. In mice, disruption of Nrf2 increases susceptibility to carcinogens and accelerates disease pathogenesis. Paradoxically, Nrf2 is upregulated in established human tumors, but whether this upregulation drives [...]

Cet article passe en revue les études concernant les mécanismes biologiques pouvant expliquer les effets de l'activité physique sur le développement, la progression ou la régression d'un cancer de la prostate

Physical activity and its mechanistic effects on prostate cancer

Wekesa, A. ; Harrison, M. ; Watson, R. W.

Beneficial effects of physical activity have been illustrated in numerous aspects of health. With the increasing incidence of prostate cancer and changes in physical activity of men, understanding the link between the two has important implications for changing this cancer burden. Both positive and negative associations between physical activity and prostate cancer have been previously demonstrated in observational epidemiological studies. Elucidating the biological mechanisms would lead to a [...]