Menée à partir des données de 5 études cas-témoins et de 5 études de cohorte ayant débuté entre 1976 et 2003 aux Etats-Unis, au Canada, en Australie ou en Allemagne et incluant au total 8 634 patients atteints d'un cancer colorectal et 8 553 témoins, cette étude évalue, en fonction de la présence ou non de variants génétiques, l'association entre l'utilisation régulière d'aspirine ou d'autres anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et le risque de développer la maladie

Aspirin and NSAID chemoprevention, gene-environment interactions, and risk of colorectal cancer

Wender, R. C.

In this issue of JAMA, Nan and colleagues1 report the results of a gene-environment interaction study examining an interaction between a genetic polymorphism and the regular use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) and the association with risk of colorectal cancer. This case-control study is scientifically noteworthy for 4 distinct reasons. First, the study advances understanding of how to conduct research designed to detect gene-environment interactions. Second, [...]

Menée à partir des données de 5 études cas-témoins et de 5 études de cohorte ayant débuté entre 1976 et 2003 aux Etats-Unis, au Canada, en Australie ou en Allemagne et incluant au total 8 634 patients atteints d'un cancer colorectal et 8 553 témoins, cette étude évalue, en fonction de la présence ou non de variants génétiques, l'association entre l'utilisation régulière d'aspirine ou d'autres anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et le risque de développer la maladie

Association of aspirin and NSAID use with risk of colorectal cancer according to genetic variants

Nan, H. ; Hutter, C. M. ; Lin, Y. ; et al.,

Importance : Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer. Objective : To identify common genetic markers that may confer differential benefit from aspirin or NSAID chemoprevention, we tested gene × environment interactions between regular use of aspirin and/or NSAIDs and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to risk of colorectal cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants : Case-control study using data [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement tabagique des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Personal pack display and active smoking at outdoor café strips: assessing the impact of plain packaging 1 year postimplementation

Zacher, Meghan ; Bayly, Megan ; Brennan, Emily ; Dono, Joanne ; Miller, Caroline ; Durkin, Sarah ; Scollo, Michelle ; Wakefield, Melanie

Aims We observed tobacco pack display and smoking at outdoor venues over three summers to assess changes in their prevalence following Australia's introduction of plain tobacco packaging with larger pictorial health warnings.Methods Between January and April 2012 (preplain packaging (PP)), 2013 (early post-PP) and 2014 (1 year post-PP), we counted patrons, smokers and tobacco packs at cafés, restaurants and bars with outdoor seating. Pack type (branded, plain or unknown) and orientation were [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Has the introduction of plain packaging with larger graphic health warnings changed adolescents’ perceptions of cigarette packs and brands?

White, Victoria ; Williams, Tahlia ; Wakefield, Melanie

Objective To examine the impact of plain packaging of cigarettes with enhanced graphic health warnings on adolescents’ perceptions of pack image and perceived brand differences.Methods Cross-sectional school-based surveys conducted in 2011 (prior to introduction of new cigarette packaging) and in 2013 (7–12 months afterwards). Students aged 12–17 years (2011 n=6338; 2013 n=5915) indicated whether they had seen a cigarette pack in previous 6 months. Students rated the character of four popular [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Do larger graphic health warnings on standardised cigarette packs increase adolescents’ cognitive processing of consumer health information and beliefs about smoking-related harms?

White, Victoria ; Williams, Tahlia ; Faulkner, Agatha ; Wakefield, Melanie

Objective To examine the impact of plain packaging of cigarettes with enhanced graphic health warnings on Australian adolescents’ cognitive processing of warnings and awareness of different health consequences of smoking.Methods Cross-sectional school-based surveys conducted in 2011 (prior to introduction of standardised packaging, n=6338) and 2013 (7–12 months afterwards, n=5915). Students indicated frequency of attending to, reading, thinking or talking about warnings. Students viewed a list [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Australian adult smokers’ responses to plain packaging with larger graphic health warnings 1 year after implementation: results from a national cross-sectional tracking survey

Wakefield, Melanie ; Coomber, Kerri ; Zacher, Meghan ; Durkin, Sarah ; Brennan, Emily ; Scollo, Michelle

Background We assessed whether the Australian plain packs with larger graphic health warnings (GHWs) achieved three specific objectives of reducing the appeal of tobacco, increasing health warning effectiveness and reducing the ability of packaging to mislead about smoking harms.Methods We compared responses from continuous cross-sectional telephone surveys of n=2176 cigarette smokers during pre-plain packaging (April–September 2012, pre-PP) with n=759 surveyed in the transition period [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Use of illicit tobacco following introduction of standardised packaging of tobacco products in Australia: results from a national cross-sectional survey

Scollo, Michelle ; Zacher, Meghan ; Coomber, Kerri ; Wakefield, Melanie

Objectives To assess whether following standardisation of tobacco packaging in Australia, smokers were, as predicted by the tobacco industry, more likely to use illicit tobacco.Methods National cross-sectional telephone surveys conducted continuously from April 2012 (6 months before implementation of plain packaging (PP)) to March 2014 (15 months after) using responses from current cigarette smokers (n=8679). Changes between pre-PP, the transition to PP and PP phase were examined using logistic [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Changes in use of types of tobacco products by pack sizes and price segments, prices paid and consumption following the introduction of plain packaging in Australia

Scollo, Michelle ; Zacher, Meghan ; Coomber, Kerri ; Bayly, Megan ; Wakefield, Melanie

Objectives To describe changes among smokers in use of various types of tobacco products, reported prices paid and cigarette consumption following the standardisation of tobacco packaging in Australia.Methods National cross-sectional telephone surveys of adult smokers were conducted from April 2012 (6 months before transition to plain packaging (PP)) to March 2014 (15 months afterwards). Multivariable logistic regression assessed changes in products, brands and pack types/sizes; multivariable [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement tabagique des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Did the recommended retail price of tobacco products fall in Australia following the implementation of plain packaging?

Scollo, Michelle ; Bayly, Megan ; Wakefield, Melanie

Objectives This study aimed to assess the extent of any fall in recommended retail prices (RRPs) of tobacco products sold in Australia following the 2012 implementation of plain packaging.Methods RRPs published in price lists by the New South Wales Retail Tobacco Traders Association covering the months of November 2011, November 2012 and November 2013 were recorded for all listed brands and pack sizes. Average prices per stick were computed in 2013 dollars for cigarette brands in each of 10 [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

The advertised price of cigarette packs in retail outlets across Australia before and after the implementation of plain packaging: a repeated measures observational study

Scollo, Michelle ; Bayly, Megan ; Wakefield, Melanie

Objective This study monitored the advertised price of the most prominently promoted and the cheapest single packs of cigarettes in Australian retail outlets before and after the implementation of plain packaging.Methods A panel of 421 outlets in four large Australian cities was visited monthly from May 2012 to August 2013 and the brand, pack size and price of the most-prominently listed and lowest-priced single cigarette pack were recorded from each store's tobacco price board. Changes in the [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

“You're made to feel like a dirty filthy smoker when you're not, cigar smoking is another thing all together.” Responses of Australian cigar and cigarillo smokers to plain packaging

Miller, Caroline L ; Ettridge, Kerry A ; Wakefield, Melanie A

Objective To explore experiences of cigar and cigarillo smokers under Australian laws requiring plain packaging (PP) and strengthened graphic health warnings (GHWs).Methods In February/March 2014, we conducted: in-depth interviews with 10 regular premium cigar smokers; two focus groups with occasional premium cigar and premium cigarillo smokers (n=14); four focus groups with non-premium cigarillo smokers (n=28); and a national online survey of cigar and/or cigarillo smokers (n=268).Results [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Short-term changes in quitting-related cognitions and behaviours after the implementation of plain packaging with larger health warnings: findings from a national cohort study with Australian adult smokers

Durkin, Sarah ; Brennan, Emily ; Coomber, Kerri ; Zacher, Meghan ; Scollo, Michelle ; Wakefield, Melanie

Background Plain packaging (PP) with larger graphic health warnings (GHWs) was implemented in Australia in late 2012. This study examined effects of these packaging changes on short-term changes in quitting-related cognitions and behaviours.Methods We used a series of cohorts of Australian adult cigarette smokers originally sourced from a nationally representative cross-sectional tracking survey, followed up approximately 1 month after their baseline interview (n(weighted)=5441). Logistic [...]

Menées en Australie, ces études évaluent les effets, sur le comportement des fumeurs et sur la vente des produits du tabac, de l'introduction des paquets neutres comportant des avertissements sanitaires graphiques

Are quitting-related cognitions and behaviours predicted by proximal responses to plain packaging with larger health warnings? Findings from a national cohort study with Australian adult smokers

Brennan, Emily ; Durkin, Sarah ; Coomber, Kerri ; Zacher, Meghan ; Scollo, Michelle ; Wakefield, Melanie

Background Implementation of tobacco plain packaging (PP) with larger graphic health warnings (GHWs) in Australia had positive effects on responses reflecting the specific objectives of the PP policy and on follow-up quitting-related cognitions and behaviours. The aim of this study was to examine predictive relationships between these proximal and distal outcomes.Methods A nationally representative sample of Australian adult cigarette smokers completed a baseline survey and a 1-month follow-up [...]