Menée à partir des données d'un essai évaluant un traitement substitutif nicotinique et incluant 1 050 femmes enceintes, cette étude identifie les facteurs associés à l'arrêt du tabagisme à court et long terme

Factors Associated With Smoking Cessation in Early and Late Pregnancy in the Smoking, Nicotine, and Pregnancy Trial: A Trial of Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Vaz, Luis R. ; Leonardi-Bee, Jo ; Aveyard, Paul ; Cooper, Sue ; Grainge, Matthew ; Coleman, Tim ; on behalf of the SNAP trial team

Introduction : Previous studies have found partners’ smoking status, multiparity, and nicotine dependence to be associated with smoking cessation in pregnancy. However, no studies have investigated influences on cessation among women using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). We analyzed data from a trial of NRT in pregnancy to determine factors associated with shorter and longer term cessation. Methods : Data were collected at baseline, 1 month, and delivery from 1,050 pregnant women. Two [...]

Menée auprès de 28 fumeurs atteints de schizophrénie et auprès de 27 témoins sains, cette étude évalue les effets d'une abstinence tabagique sur leur désir de fumer, la sévérité des symptômes associés au sevrage nicotinique et leur besoin en nicotine, puis évalue le délai avant récidive

Effects of Smoking Abstinence on Cigarette Craving, Nicotine Withdrawal, and Nicotine Reinforcement in Smokers With and Without Schizophrenia

Tidey, Jennifer W. ; Colby, Suzanne M. ; Xavier, Emily M. H.

Introduction : Schizophrenia is associated with a high prevalence of cigarette smoking. The aims of this study were to compare smokers with schizophrenia (SS) and control smokers without psychiatric illness (CS) on (a) cigarette craving and nicotine withdrawal symptom severity over a 72-hr smoking abstinence period, (b) nicotine reinforcement, before and after abstinence, and (c) latency to smoking lapse following abstinence. We also explored mediators of smoking lapse in SS and CS. Methods : [...]

Menée sur une lignée cellulaire de carcinome hépatocellulaire humain, cette étude analyse les effets combinés d'un rétinoïde acyclique et d'un inhibiteur de la phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase sur la croissance des cellules tumorales

Synergistic growth inhibition by acyclic retinoid and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor in human hepatoma cells

Baba, Atsushi ; Shimizu, Masahito ; Ohno, Tomohiko ; Shirakami, Yohei ; Kubota, Masaya ; Kochi, Takahiro ; Terakura, Daishi ; Tsurumi, Hisashi ; Moriwaki, Hisataka

Background : A malfunction of RXRalpha due to phosphorylation is associated with liver carcinogenesis, and acyclic retinoid (ACR), which targets RXRalpha, can prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling plays a critical role in the proliferation and survival of HCC cells. The present study examined the possible combined effects of ACR and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, on the growth of human HCC cells. Methods : This study examined the effects of the [...]

Menée sur des rats, cette étude évalue l'influence d'un régime alimentaire riche en acides gras oméga-3 sur l'inhibition de la tumorigenèse mammaire par le tamoxifène

Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on Tamoxifen-induced suppression of rat mammary carcinogenesis

Manni, Andrea ; Richie, John P. ; Xu, Haifang ; Washington, Sharlene ; Aliaga, Cesar ; Bruggeman, Richard ; Cooper, Timothy K. ; Prokopczyk, Bogdan ; Trushin, Neil ; Calcagnotto, Ana ; Das, Arunangshu ; Liao, Jason ; El-Bayoumy, Karam

We report here a detailed time course study of the individual and combined chemopreventive effects of Tamoxifen (Tam) and a high fish oil (FO) diet on multiple histologic parameters of mammary carcinogenesis. Groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected ip with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea at 50 days of age and assigned to either a control diet (20% corn oil [CO]) or a FO-rich diet (10% FO + 10% CO) in the presence and absence of Tam in the diet (0.6 ppm). Rats were sacrificed at weeks 4 [...]

Menée sur un modèle murin transgénique, cette étude montre que la flavokavaïne A, une substance chimique appartenant à la classe des chalcones et provenant du kava (une plante originaire du Pacifique), peut inhiber la tumorigenèse urothéliale

KAVA chalcone, Flavokawain A, inhibits urothelial tumorigenesis in the UPII-SV40T transgenic mouse model

Liu, Zhongbo ; Xu, Xia ; Li, Xuesen ; Liu, Shuman ; Simoneau, Anne R. ; He, Feng ; Wu, Xue-Ru ; Zi, Xiaolin

Flavokawain A (FKA) is the predominant chalcone identified from the kava plant. We have previously demonstrated that FKA preferentially inhibits the growth of p53 defective bladder cancer cell lines. Here we examined whether FKA could inhibit bladder cancer development and progression in vivo in the UPII-SV40T transgenic model that resembles human urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) with defects in the p53 and the retinoblastoma (RB) protein pathways. Genotyped UPII-SV40T mice were fed orally with [...]

Menée sur un modèle murin, cette étude évalue l'efficacité et la toxicité d'un vaccin basé sur la combinaison des protéines de l'enveloppe du bactériophage MS2 et d'un ARN synthétique à 19 nucléotides pour prévenir ou traiter un cancer de la prostate

Messenger RNA vaccine based on recombinant MS2 virus-like particles against prostate cancer

Li, Jinming ; Sun, Yanli ; Jia, Tingting ; Zhang, Rui ; Zhang, Kuo ; Wang, Lunan

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed cancer in the western male population with high mortality. Recently, alternative approaches based on immunotherapy including mRNA vaccines for PCa have shown therapeutic promise. However, for mRNA vaccine, several disadvantages such as the instability of mRNA, the high cost of gold particles, the limited production scale for mRNA-transfected dendritic cells in vitro, limit their development. Herein, recombinant bacteriophage MS2 virus-like particles [...]

Menée à partir d'une enquête en ligne auprès de 712 jeunes âgés de 11 à 17 ans, cette étude britannique analyse leurs perceptions face à différents modèles de paquets de cigarettes destinés à prévenir l'initiation tabagique

The perceptions of UK youth of branded and standardized, ‘plain’ cigarette packaging

Hammond, David ; White, Christine ; Anderson, Will ; Arnott, Deborah ; Dockrell, Martin

Background : Tobacco packaging is an important form of promotion. Standardizing cigarette packages (‘plain’ packaging) represents a novel tobacco control policy. This study examined perceptions of branded and standardized cigarette packages among British youth. Methods : Seven hundred twelve youth aged 11–17 completed an online survey. Participants viewed pairs of packages altered using a 3 × 2 factorial design : health warning type (40% text, 40% pictorial or 80% pictorial) × standardized pack [...]

Menée au Royaume-Uni auprès d'une cohorte de 119 546 hommes et femmes ayant utilisé entre septembre 2006 et octobre 2011 un médicament pour arrêter le tabagisme (âge : 18 ans ou plus), cette étude prospective évalue, en fonction des prescriptions médicales (varénicline, bupropion ou traitement nicotinique substitutif), le risque de suicide, d'automutilation et de dépression

Smoking cessation treatment and risk of depression, suicide, and self harm in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink: prospective cohort study

Kyla H Thomas ; Richard M Martin ; Neil M Davies ; Chris Metcalfe ; Frank Windmeijer ; David Gunnell

Objective : To compare the risk of suicide, self harm, and depression in patients prescribed varenicline or bupropion with those prescribed nicotine replacement therapy. Design : Prospective cohort study within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Setting : 349 general practices in England. Participants : 119 546 men and women aged 18 years and over who used a smoking cessation product between 1 September 2006 and 31 October 2011. There were 81 545 users of nicotine replacement products [...]

Menée en Corée à partir des données de trois séries d'enquêtes sur la période 2005-2011, cette étude analyse la prévalence et les facteurs associés à l'utilisation de médicaments pour arrêter le tabagisme

The Prevalence of and Factors Associated with the Use of Smoking Cessation Medication in Korea: Trend between 2005–2011

Shin, Dong Wook ; Suh, Beomseok ; Chun, Sohyun ; Cho, Juhee ; Yoo, Sang Ho ; Kim, Seok Joong ; Oh, Bumjo ; Cho, Belong

Background : In Korea, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been widely used in government-led, public health center-based smoking cessation services since 2004 and varenicline has become available from 2007 but without reimbursement. In this study which used a series of nationwide cross-sectional surveys in Korea performed from 2005 to 2011, we examined the prevalence of smoking cessation medication use and factors associated with it. Methods : We analyzed data from the third to fifth waves [...]

Cet article identifie les raisons expliquant la lente progression de la recherche dans la chimioprévention du cancer du sein

Suitable trial designs and cohorts for preventive breast cancer agents

Strasser-Weippl, Kathrin ; Goss, Paul E.

Effective chemoprevention of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer has been shown convincingly using several selective ER modulators and the aromatase inhibitor exemestane. Although these agents are well tolerated and the numbers needed-to-treat in the prevention setting are similar to other established preventive interventions, uptake has been poor in clinical practice because of difficulties in visualizing risk, predicting individual outcomes and measuring treatment benefit. In [...]