A partir d'une revue de la littérature publiée jusqu'en 2014 (17 études), cette méta-analyse évalue l'association entre la consommation d'aïl et le risque de cancer de l'estomac (8 621 cas au total et 14 889 témoins)

Meta-Analysis: Does Garlic Intake Reduce Risk of Gastric Cancer?

Kodali, R. T. ; Eslick, Guy D.

In the past 2 decades, various epidemiological studies investigated whether garlic can positively modify the risk of gastric cancer. Garlic contains numerous sulfide compounds, including diallyl trisulfide, which have anticarcinogenic properties. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine if garlic intake reduces the risk of gastric cancer. An electronic search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE to June 2014 was completed. There were 14 case control studies, 2 randomized controlled studies, and 1 [...]

Menée à l'aide d'un modèle murin, cette étude montre que le 3,3′-diindolylméthane d'origine alimentaire réduit le risque de carcinome épidermoïde du poumon associé à une inflammation

Dietary diindolylmethane suppresses inflammation-driven lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice

Song, Jung-Min ; Qian, Xuemin ; Teferi, Fitsum ; Pan, Jing ; Wang, Yian ; Kassie, Fekadu

Inflammatory conditions of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to increase lung cancer risk, particularly lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In the present study, we developed a mouse model of inflammation-driven LSCC that was induced by N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU) and enhanced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent proinflammatory agent contained in tobacco and tobacco smoke, and determined the chemopreventive effects of BioResponse [...]

Menée à partir de questionnaires auprès de 43 435 participants (âge : 45 à 74 ans ; période de suivi : 1995-2009), cette étude japonaise évalue l'association entre la consommation de fibres alimentaires et le risque de cancer de la prostate (825 cas)

Fiber intake and risk of subsequent prostate cancer in Japanese men

Sawada, Norie ; Iwasaki, Motoki ; Yamaji, Taiki ; Shimazu, Taichi ; Sasazuki, Shizuka ; Inoue, Manami ; Tsugane, Shoichiro ; for the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study Group

Background : Dietary fiber may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, possibly by increasing circulating levels of sex hormone–binding globulin and improving insulin sensitivity. However, results from previous epidemiologic studies of fiber intake and prostate cancer are inconsistent, and to our knowledge, no study has comprehensively evaluated the effects of soluble and insoluble fiber on prostate cancer in Asia. Objective : The objective was to examine the association between fiber intake and [...]

A partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature (14 études prospectives, 8 775 cas), cette méta-analyse évalue l'association entre une consommation d'acides gras oméga-3 et le risque de cancer colorectal

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies

Chen, Guo-Chong ; Qin, Li-Qiang ; Lu, Da-Bing ; Han, Tie-Mei ; Zheng, Yan ; Xu, Guo-Zhang ; Wang, Xiao-Huai

Background : Growing body of laboratory evidence supports the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC, however, have been inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relation by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Methods : Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed database and by carefully reviewing bibliographies of [...]

A partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature publiée jusqu'en mars 2013 (21 essais, 5 876 patients), cette méta-analyse évalue l'association entre l'utilisation de sirolimus, un immunosuppresseur, et le risque de cancer ou de décès chez les patients ayant reçu une greffe de rein

Effect of sirolimus on malignancy and survival after kidney transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data

Knoll, Greg A ; Kokolo, Madzouka B ; Mallick, Ranjeeta ; Beck, Andrew ; Buenaventura, Chieny D ; Ducharme, Robin ; Barsoum, Rashad ; Bernasconi, Corrado ; Blydt-Hansen, Tom D ; Ekberg, Henrik ; Felipe, Claudia R ; Firth, John ; Gallon, Lorenzo ; Gelens, Marielle ; Glotz, Denis ; Gossmann, Jan ; Guba, Markus ; Morsy, Ahmed Ali ; Salgo, Rebekka ; Scheuermann, Earnst H ; Tedesco-Silva, Helio ; Vitko, Stefan ; Watson, Christopher ; Fergusson, Dean A

Objective : To examine risk of malignancy and death in patients with kidney transplant who receive the immunosuppressive drug sirolimus. Design : Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Data sources : Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to March 2013. Eligibility Randomized controlled trials comparing immunosuppressive regimens with and without sirolimus in recipients of kidney or combined pancreatic and renal transplant [...]

Menée in vitro et in vivo, cette étude montre qu'un extrait de pomme riche en polysaccharides réduit le risque de carcinogenèse du côlon associée à une colite induite via le facteur nucléaire NF-

Apple Polysaccharide Reduces Nf-Kb Mediated Colitis-Associated Colon Carcinogenesis

Zhang, Dian ; Mi, Man ; Jiang, Fengliang ; Sun, Yang ; Li, Yuhua ; Yang, Libin ; Fan, Lei ; Li, Qian ; Meng, Jin ; Yue, Zhenggang ; Liu, Li ; Mei, Qibing

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-

Menée sur 2 682 patients atteints d'un cancer colorectal (âge moyen : 57 ans ; 60 % d'hommes et 40% de femmes) et sur 5 364 témoins (âge moyen : 55 ans ; 60 % d'hommes et 40% de femmes), cette étude américaine évalue l'association entre l'utilisation de metformine et le risque de cancer colorectal chez les patients présentant un diabète de type 2

Metformin for primary colorectal cancer prevention in patients with diabetes : A case-control study in a US population

Sehdev, Amikar ; Shih, Ya-Chen T. ; Vekhter, Benjamin ; Bissonnette, Marc B. ; Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. ; Polite, Blase N.

BACKGROUND : Emerging evidence from observational studies has suggested that metformin may be beneficial in the primary prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, to the authors' knowledge, none of these studies was conducted in a US population. Because environmental factors such as Western diet and obesity are implicated in the causation of CRC, a large case-control study was performed to assess the effects of metformin on the incidence of CRC in a US population. METHODS : MarketScan [...]

Menée à l'aide de deux modèles murins, cette étude met en évidence les effets synergiques de la vitamine D3 et de la metformine dans la chimioprévention du cancer colorectal

Combined use of vitamin D3 and metformin exhibits synergistic chemopreventive effects on colorectal neoplasia in rats and mice

Li, Wan ; Wang, Qi-Long ; Liu, Xia ; Dong, Shu-Hong ; Li, Hong-Xia ; Li, Chun-Yang ; Guo, Li-Shu ; Gao, Jing-Miao ; Berger, Nathan A ; Li, Li ; Ma, Lan ; Wu, Yong-Jie

Vitamin D3 and metformin are widely used in humans for regulating mineral metabolism and as an anti-diabetic drug respectively; and both of them have been shown to have chemopreventive effects against various tumors. This study was designed to investigate the potential synergistic chemopreventive effects of vitamin D3 and metformin against the development of early colon neoplasia in two models. The first model was a 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) induced colon cancer rat model and [...]

Menée aux Etats-Unis à partir de l'analyse de 5 498 échantillons cervicaux archivés après prélèvement sur 8 469 femmes (âge : 21 à 39 ans) présentant des lésions précancéreuses de haut grade du col utérin, cette étude évalue, en fonction de l'âge et de l'appartenance ethnique, la fraction de ces lésions attribuable aux différents sous-types de papillomavirus humains (HPV) afin de déterminer l'intérêt d'un vaccin nanovalent pour réduire le risque de cancer du col de l'utérus

HPV type attribution in high grade cervical lesions: assessing the potential benefits of vaccines in a population-based evaluation in the United States

Hariri, Susan ; Unger, Elizabeth R. ; Schafer, Sean ; Niccolai, Linda M. ; Park, Ina ; Bloch, Karen C. ; Bennett, Nancy M. ; Steinau, Martin ; Johnson, Michelle L. ; Markowitz, Lauri E.

Background : Two currently available vaccines targeting human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 could prevent 70% of cervical cancers and 50% of high-grade cervical lesions. Next generation vaccines against additional types, such as an investigational 9-valent vaccine against HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58, could further reduce HPV-associated disease burden. Methods : HPV was typed in archived tissues from women aged 21-39 years residing in 5 catchment areas in the United States with cervical [...]

Mené aux Etats-Unis auprès de 1 495 fumeurs ayant utilisé un service téléphonique d'aide au sevrage tabagique, cet essai évalue, du point de vue du taux d'abstinence tabagique à 7 et 30 jours et du taux d'abstinence tabagique prolongée à 6 mois, l'efficacité d'un traitement substitutif nicotinique d'une durée de 4 ou 8 semaines

Randomised trial of two nicotine patch protocols distributed through a state quitline

Burns, Emily K ; Hood, Nancy E ; Goforth, Emma ; Levinson, Arnold H

Background : Most telephone quitlines provide free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). An 8-week course is recommended, but few users complete it. Information is needed to help quitlines distribute NRT cost-effectively. Design : Randomised two-group trial. Setting/participants : Colorado QuitLine callers who smoked 16–20 cigarettes per day at enrolment and who were eligible for and agreed to receive free NRT. Intervention : Provision of 4-week versus 8-week NRT supply; the 8-week supply was [...]

Mené en Suède auprès de 467 fumeurs quotidiens ou utilisateurs de snus (âge : de 18 à 75 ans), cet essai évalue, du point de vue de la consommation de tabac et de l'abstinence tabagique, l'efficacité d'une brève intervention structurée consistant, dans le cadre de soins dentaires, à identifier le comportement tabagique du patient, à évaluer sa motivation pour arrêter le tabagisme et à lui donner des informations sur les supports d'aide au sevrage tabagique

Evaluation of a brief counselling for tobacco cessation in dental clinics among Swedish smokers and snus users. A cluster randomized controlled trial (the FRITT study)

Virtanen, Suvi E. ; Zeebari, Zangin ; Rohyo, Izla ; Galanti, Maria R.

Objective : To assess the effectiveness of a very brief structured counseling for tobacco cessation in dentistry clinics. Method : A cluster randomized trial was conducted in Sweden in 2012-2013. Twenty-seven dentistry clinics in two Swedish counties were randomized to provide either a structured brief advice based on the 5 A’s model or usual care. Participants were 467 patients currently using tobacco daily (225 in the intervention group and 242 in usual care), of which 97% were retained at [...]

Menée à l'aide de modèles murins, cette étude évalue l'efficacité de différentes stratégies de thérapies cellulaires pour stimuler ou augmenter la production de bêta-endorphine et prévenir la carcinogenèse

Beta-endorphin Cell Therapy for Cancer Prevention

Zhang, Changqing ; Murugan, Sengottuvelan ; Boyadjieva, Nadka I ; Jabbar, Shaima ; Shrivastava, Pallavi ; Sarkar, Dipak K

Beta-endorphin (BEP) producing neuron in the hypothalamus plays a key role in brining the stress axis to a state of homeostasis and maintaining body immune defense system. Long-term delivery of BEP to obtain beneficial effect on chemoprevention is challenging, since the peptide rapidly develop tolerance. Using rats as animal model, we show here that transplantation of beta-endorphin neurons into the hypothalamus suppressed carcinogens- and hormone-induced cancers in various tissues and [...]

Cet article passe en revue les différentes stratégies pour prévenir le risque de cancer du sein : modification du mode de vie, chimioprévention et chirurgie prophylactique

Breast Cancer Prevention

Euhus, David M. ; Diaz, Jennifer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women with 232,670 new cases estimated in the USA for 2014. Approaches for reducing breast cancer risk include lifestyle modification, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery. Lifestyle modification has a variety of health benefits with few associated risks and is appropriate for all women regardless of breast cancer risk. Chemoprevention options have expanded rapidly, but most are directed at estrogen receptor positive breast cancer and uptake is [...]